Passenger To Freighter Conversion Of Aircrafts Engineering Essay

Passenger To Freighter Conversion Of Aircrafts Engineering Essay The purpose of the report is to provide detailed description for future aerospace engineers on how and why a P2F (also known as PTF or Passenger-to-Freighter) conversion is carried out. 1.2. Background Ever since the new millennium started, P2F conversions on aircrafts have become more common in the civil aviation industry. Major civil aviation industry companies (Airbus, Boeing, etc.) started researching with designs on how to modify an airframe structure of their ageing passenger jets to cargo freighters. In conjunction with the current economic situation, civil aviation logistic companies are trying to find ways to cut down expenses on replacing older cargo freighter aircrafts- buying P2F converted aircrafts. Furthermore, P2F conversions extend lifespan of passenger jets, providing first-hand quality P2F cargo aircrafts at second-hand cargo freighter prices. Since there is an increase in demand in the cargo freighter industry more companies will look at P2F conversions .Mainly because it is more economical for the company and they can gain the same amount of revenue at the same time. 1.3. Methodology The information was gathered from a few websites through the internet, books and magazine references .The content was retrieved from websites like http://www.eads.com , books like, magazines like. 1.4. Scope The Focused areas are mainly about the structural differences between a freighter aircraft and a passenger aircraft. In addition, the report will include structure of freighter planes. In addition, it will include the pros and cons of P2F and how the conversion is carried out. Lastly, this report includes the technical effects to the aircraft structure. 2. P2F Conversion Procedures There are various types of P2F conversion procedures. The various procedures are basically created by primary manufacturers (Boeing and Airbus) and assorted conversion companies (EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company) and SIAEC (Singapore International Airlines Engineering Company)).As a result , there are many different procedures for a P2F conversion to be complete. The following procedures will be according to the 4-month conversion of the Airbus A310 wide-bodied airliner into the Airbus A310-200F by Elbe Flugzeugwerke (EFW).In the following few paragraphs I will discuss about the different procedures carried out during a P2F conversion procedure. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.1. Preparation before conversion The airplanes paintwork is scraped off. Thereafter, a fraction of the passenger cabin is taken out. The aircraft is then jacked into a neutral stress point for 4 weeks for the modification of the airframe. With the plane partially empty it is jacked up into a neutral stress point for 4 weeks for the adjustment of the aeroplanes body. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.2. Plug windows Now that the aircraft does not carry any more passengers, windows in the aircraft are useless. The windows previously used for passengers to look out of the aircraft are now plugged (covered up). As u can see in the image below, there are no more windows in a freighter aircraft because it saves time on maintenance and for safety reasons. Therefore the windows are plugged.(Marcel van Leeuwen, 2006, Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter Arrives in Seattle [online]. Civilian aviation news. Available from: http://www.aviationnews.eu/2006/09/17/boeing- 747-large-cargo-freighter-arrives-in-seattle/) Figure 2.6: Plugging of Windows (Airbus Freighter Conversion, 2010) 2.3. Removal of unwanted material Anything in the aircraft that is not needed anymore is removed from the aircraft. Passenger- related facilities and structure (like seats and carpet flooring) is take out of the as it does not come in handy for a cargo freighter. This is to make room for the installation of the new freighter equipment. With the removal of redundant material it creates space for the cargo. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.4. Fitting of cargo door The front-end of the fuselage section is opened up in 2 stages for the installation of the cargo door. The upper frame shell is held at its position and is secured by riveting the frame to the fuselage. The old lower frame shell section is substituted with a new lower frame shell that is lowered into the prepared cut-out location and incorporated strongly to the airframe. The frames forward and aft of the cut-out are entirely replaced by reinforced frames. After the installation of the frames, electric components and hydraulic systems are added for the cargo door to operate with ease. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace- technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) Figure 2.1 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Cargo door of Boeing 747-200BDSF http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/6/34576.wmv, 2002 2.5. Installation of new flooring The normal flooring on a passenger aircraft cannot be used. Hence, the flooring on a passenger plane has to be removed and reinforced with a higher strength floor to resist heavy cargo loads. To move the cargo in the aircraft easily, ball mats and roller tracks are installed onto the cargo flooring. With the new flooring the aircraft can carry more load and be tough at the same time and move the cargo within the aircraft easily.(SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from:http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) Figure 2.2-cargo loading system of airbus http://www.eads.com/eads/int/en.html 2.6. Final checks after conversion Once the body of the aircraft has been converted and all thatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s left to do is to do a final check on the whole aircraft. Firstly, the aircraft avionics is adjusted before tests are carried out. Thereafter, the customer inspects the flight to make sure everything is in working condition. However, before the aircraft is handed over to the customer the documentation for the conversion is finalised. With all these procedures done, the P2F conversion is complete. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 3. P2F conversionà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cost impact 3.1 Replacement of ageing Freighters by P2Fs. Since the current condition for the economy is not at a very healthy condition, many aero- logistic companies would scout around for second hand cargo freighters. However, second-hand freighters have now reduced in numbers so drastically that most of them will stop flying within a few years. Hence, P2F conversions will help solve the problem of ageing cargo freighters in the near future. In 2009, airbus presented their 20-year forecast of their future freighter fleet. In their statistics shown in Fig3.1, Airbus emphasised on P2F conversions as the way to go to solve the problem of freighter insufficiency Therefore, by 2028 more than half the freighters around the world will be P2F converted. This is because P2F conversion requires low cost, shorter time and less material than manufacturing a freighter from scratch, making it a cost effective solution. (J. Leahy, L. Rouaud, 2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm ?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= .) Figure3.1: graph of PTF in demand (Airbus 2009) http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= 3.2. Demand of P2F aircrafts P2F conversion will take the freighter industry to a whole different level. In addition, the wider range of freighter types from P2F conversion will create a new generation of small jet freighters (e.g. Airbus A320 P2F).Besides that ,majority of Airbus freighter demand will be aided with P2F conversion as 96% of freighters in 2028 will be P2F aircrafts. This shows that the future of the P2F conversion industry will have a bright future. (J. Leahy, L. Rouaud,2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page=.) figure3.2: graph on small jet freighters (Airbus 2009) http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= 4. Benefits and limitations of P2F conversion Despite its many advantages such as its ability to save money time, material and manpower needed. Alongside, it helps extend an aircrafts life and replaces ageing freighters in the market. However, its disadvantages include acceptable use of market price as well as availability of aircraft. The next few paragraphs will explain and elaborate more on the benefits and limitations of P2F conversion. 4.1 Benefits 4.1.1 Saves cost Companies around the world who are looking to purchase freighter cargo aircraft would most likely try to save up on anything they can save on. One of the benefits of P2F conversions is that it helps companies save money. A P2F converted aircraft costs nearly one third of a freighter aircraft made from scratch. Since ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s just part of the aircraft that is reconstructed, it will help save cost on the amount of material used. When there is less work to be done, less manpower is needed. Hence; they can save cost by employing fewer engineers to work. Therefore, P2F conversions help save money for companies. (According to Phillip Securities Research (2005), initiating coverage Singapore) 4.1.2 Extends aircraft life A P2F conversion helps extend an aircrafts life span as well. When an aircraft is almost reaching its age of retirement it can either be scrapped or reborn again. In this case the aircraft is sent to companies that deal with conversions. The old structure is replaced with new structure in order for it to fly safely. Therefore, P2F conversions help extend the lifespan of an aircraft.(EADS media centre, Rising (like a phoenix [online], available from: http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500HYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noHYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=nowidth=1024HYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noHYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de /iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noattrs=scrolling%3Dno) (SIA engineering company websiteprovides information on what P2F conversion is) 4.2 Limitations 4.2.1 Acceptable used market price P2F conversions serve as a form of investment for airline companies. If the cost of the conversion is more than the proposed price to sell the aircraft, the owner selling the P2F converted aircraft will incur a loss. In addition, different models of aircraft go through different kinds of conversion processes. Hence, the standard of quality and the workmanship to set prices for the P2F aircrafts vary widely, which might lead to underpriced P2F planes. (Hamilton, http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007) 4.2.2 Airframe availability In order to perform a P2F conversion, there must be available airframes. The airframe needs to be from an airworthy passenger jet which is not in service anymore. If not, it would make no sense just to make an aircraft and convert it. Therefore, the number of used jets there are out there is limited to availability. (Hamilton, http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007) 5. Conclusion The P2F conversion procedure may seem simple to digest. However, it is much more sophisticated compared to the other areas in the aeronautical market. Regardless, the freighter market is shinning their spotlight on P2F conversions to give old passenger aircrafts a second chance to fly again as freighters. In addition, P2F aircrafts are able to perform almost as well as new freighters made from scratch. No matter how advanced P2F conversion gets, there are limits for the acceptable used market price. Otherwise, the conversion will result in heavy loss financially. 6. Recommendations P2F conversion is a very profitable market to invest in. Companies dealing with P2F can take one more step by making use of more advanced technology when they are converting aircrafts. It can help save cost by using less material and maybe even with efficiency. Therefore P2F conversions can take one more step ahead by doing more research in this industry as there will be a rise in demand for freighter aircrafts in the future. III. References SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/ [Accessed 16 august 2010] Marcel van Leeuwen, 2006, Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter Arrives in Seattle [online]. Civilian aviation news. Available from: http://www.aviationnews.eu/2006/09/17/boeing-747-large-cargo-freighter-arrives-in-seattle/, [Accessed 16 august 2010] J. Leahy, L. Rouaud,2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= .[Accessed 16 august 2010] like a phoenix [online], available from: http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s-35848193/mediacenter.html .[Accessed 16 august 2010] SIA engineering company websiteprovides information on what P2F conversion is. [Accessed 16 august 2010] Hamilton,http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007 [Accessed 16 august 2010]

Religion Essay -- Philosophy, God

â€Å"Truth, in matters of religion, is simply the opinion that has survived,† was a statement made by Oscar Wilde. (Dawkins, pg. 222) In Richard Dawkins book, â€Å"The God Delusion,† regards the argument of the supernatural being in religion being not feasible. Richard Dawkins proposes his argument â€Å"with rigor and wit, Dawkins eviscerates the arguments for religion and demonstrates the supreme improbability of the existence of a supreme being.† (Dawkins, 2008) Moreover, the author uses vital assessments by allocating the origins of the religion, analysis of the Darwinian natural selection and other metaphysicists that are the contemporary reasoning for phenomenal causes, and the justification of God’s existence. Therefore, the purpose of this novel is to question and scrutinize our religious beliefs. This was shown when Charles Simony, a professor, had said, â€Å"This brilliantly argued, provocative book challenges all of us to examine our belief s, no matter what beliefs we hold† (Dawkins, 2008). Thus, this book is written for people who want to engage in the contemporary world of religion and science. An acknowledgement made by Seed stated, â€Å"A powerful argument for how to think about the place of religion in the modern world. It ‘s going to be a classic† (Dawkins, 2008). In addition, this book would most likely attract atheists because of the challenge of God’s existence in religion through the examination of the roles of religion and scientific explanations. The Economist stated, â€Å"Everyone should read it. Atheists will love Mr. Dawkins incisive logic and rapier wit, and theists will find few better tests of the robustness of their faith. Even agnostics, who claim to have no opinion on God, may be persuaded that their position is an unte... ... authoritative beliefs called â€Å"doctrine†), practices (including formalized rituals), and social institutions.† (bowen, 2011) There are many atheists within our contemporary society especially in North America which the debate of religion and science more prominent. In addition, within this book he uses many notable scientists and significant figures that are excellent proofs that support his argument. In my opinion, overall, the book was an eye-opener and the content was very engaging. In addition, when reading this novel, I felt like I agreed with some of the statements that Dawkins had proposed, in n particular, the natural selection of Darwinan theory. Therefore, this book is very persuasive and puts a new perspective on religion. Overall, the author reached their objectives because he was very convincing and included support and evidence throughout the novel.

Problem Solving and Resourcefulness

RESOURCEFULNESS By: Edgardo Eleccion ( GCCNHS) For many times in our lives, we are often tested in our values and skill of being resourcefulness. Oftentimes, this is more considered as a skill than a value. A person with a gift of resourcefulness is far more advance than those who have none. Definitely, most of the successful individuals in the field of business, education, arts, medicine, politics, communication, religion and others possess the inherent or acquired skill of resourcefulness. However, what is really this skill of resourcefulness? Iannarino ( 2010) defines resourcefulness in his blog as the ability to find a way to achieve your goal or to make one. This is especially true when the goal is difficult to achieve and when little or no direction is given. Resourcefulness is the ability to think creatively, to generate ideas, and to identify alternatives. Resourcefulness is also imagination, the ability to visualize how something could be achieved when there is nothing there but the vision. According to Cindy Quarter eHow contributor, being a resourceful is the ability to approach a problem in different ways. It requires the ability to be creative and pursue a solution from one or more than direction. It is not built in ability but it is learned overtime from the variety of experiences. To be able to develop this into our children, they should be exposed to a situation that requires them to be resourceful and that will provide them the opportunity to succeed. Kids will self-confident and acquire problem solving skills as a result of engaging in activities that result resourcefulness. Games that requires resourcefulness help children to gain creativity and persistence in a fun in an entertaining way. Teachers in the secondary should help high school students develop their resourcefulness in them. They should expose these young minds into a worthwhile and engaging classroom activities everyday and make positive feedbacks after such activities in their everyday lessons for a day to day improvement to surface their individuals resourcefulness. This will prepare these youth into the next stages of their life ahead on how to deal problems along the way in different way around with less pressure. The role of teachers in the classroom is vital in nurturing the students’ skill necessary in building a kind of life intended for them in their future. This will not be seriously taken by the students at their younger years, but when the world dictates competition and pressure, there surfaces the skill they have learned in the classroom situation. Resourcefulness can not be learned in one day as Rome was not built in one day too. It needs constant learning, constant training and constant sacrifices. It needs several exposures into several competition, tasks and challenges along the way. The constant exposure that lead to experiencing a situation that emerge creativity will help a certain individuals to grow and become a better person ready to face the next layers of life’s challenge. In the world of work specially in business and education , resourcefulness is the crucial skill one must possess. A teacher with this skill has great advantage in terms of making his strategies in teaching and his materials a worthwhile and more fantastic to his learners. Moreover, it helps him prepare his teaching aids with less money involved. In the field of business, a manager having this skill can enter into competitive world and able to go beyond the expectation the corporation is aiming for. In real life situation, resourcefulness helps an individual in solving his own problem in different way in which others never ever think of. You may be in business, education, arts, communication, politics, and religion, resourcefulness is necessary in building up the new you. Edgardo Eleccion is a secondary teacher of Gingoog City Comprehensive National High School ( GCCNHS) Gingoog City, Philippines. He is a Values Education Teacher.

Obamacare Will Impose New Health Coverage - 963 Words

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Writing Reflection Essay - 905 Words

Writing a decent essay is as tedious, nerve racking, and strenuous as constructing a layer cake from scratch. First you have to decide that you are going to tackle this feat, and that can be your biggest challenge, motivation. Then you have, you must figure out what kind of cake batter you want to use. Collect all the ingredients to mesh together well, making each layer at a time. You throw all the layers together hoping that somehow they will come together to form a nifty design. But, they don’t right away, for now it is just a leaning tower of cake parts. So then you start revising/modifying, adding toothpicks to fix the lean to one side. You coat the whole damn thing in icing, in an attempt to make it look better, but the first coat†¦show more content†¦He was a very ‘cunning’ and ‘charming’ man, not only did Brennan blatantly state that he was charming, but his actions in the woman’s home were very smart and well thought out. 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Suicide Among Female College Students Essay - 2200 Words

Hieu Tran HESC 410 Professor Rehanna Mohammad Project 1 Outline 10/19/2016 Suicide among female college students College campuses across the United States are fighting a silent killer that is the second leading cause of death among college students especially among women; suicide. It is shocking to see that college students are more likely to die from suicide than death caused by a combination of all other forms of medical illnesses. Despite the findings, it is possible to prevent suicide. The students that engage in the act are often desperate to live. The only challenge is that they seem to see no alternative to their problems. The rate of college student suicide has also tripled since the 1950s (College Degree Search). Even though suicidal individuals are likely to be noticed regarding their intention, most people do not take seriously the warnings, or are unaware on what to do in order to assist such persons. It is also possible to confuse a genuine discussion on suicide to imply that someone is suicidal. For this reason, understanding suicidal tendencies remains complex even though it affe cts college students across all age, race, ethnicity, and socio-economic boundaries. As illustrated by Western Michigan University Suicide Prevention Program, women are more likely to develop suicidal thoughts compared to their male counterparts. There are several causes of suicide among college women. One of them is depression that is largely caused by inadequate sleep, having not orShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Depression On College Students1335 Words   |  6 Pagesis founded more in College students. The 2012 from the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors indicated that 95% of counseling center directors believe that psychological problems are a growing concern and that depression is one of the most prevalent concerns with 36% of college students affected (Jennifer E. 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Journal of Historical Geography

Question: 1.Identify and analyze two causes of world war I (nationalism and imperialism). Use historical examples to support your answer. Of the various causes of world war 1, which do you think was the most important and why?2.Analyze how the stipulation of the treaty of versatiles that ended world war I, along with the Great depression of the 1930s, contributed to the outbreak of the World War II. Then analyze significant ways in which World War II changed the world.3.Identify and analyze the main events of the Korean war and Cuban missile crisis. Then assess how these events affected the relationship between the united states and the soviet union. Identify and analyze the main events of the Korean War and Cuban Missile Crisis. Then assess how these events affected the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union.4.Analyze how the solidarity (solidarnose) movement in Poland led to the collapse of communism in Poland. Point out what events led to the growth of the solidarity mo vement, and then identify and analyze the events that followed Gorbachevs policy of political pluralism in Poland. Use specific details to support your answer then evaluate.5.Analyze how the ideas and actions of Jean Monnet led to the creation of the European Economic Union in 1958. Point out the events that led to the creation of the EEC, and what events followed. Clearly distinguish those countries that supported European unity and those that did not. Use specific details to support your answer. Then evaluate the relative success of the European Union (EU), in terms of its ability to create a "United States of Europe."6.Identify and describe two causes of the Second World War. Then analyze significant ways in which World War II changed the world. Answer: 1. Maier (2015) has stated that nationalism is one of the extreme forms of patriotism and faithfulness to ones nation. It can be seen that nationalism was ubiquitous in early 20th century in Europe and was a momentous cause for First World War. In the early 1990s, the nationalism created a fierce competition as well as rivalry between the powers of Europe. These powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Britain, France and Italy. In regards to become the greatest of the great nations, all the nations got engaged in rivalry and thus it can be stated that nationalism is one of the major reasons of World War I. On the other hand, it can be stated that imperialism and imperial rivalry provided both the reason and context for the World War I along with nationalism, militarism and secret alliances (Coffman, 2014). This produced a build-up of tension in Europe and exterior of Europe and during imperialism; the other three reasons as well were capable to largely influence the beginning of the First World War. Therefore, it can be stated that imperialism is defined as the overriding of one nation by another nation that was a chronic predicament prior to World War I because of the industrialist association. However, after focusing on both these parts, it can be stated that there is no particular reason of World War I, as this was the combination of four major reasons. Therefore, no specific reason can be identified as the cause of First World War and though it can be opined that imperialistic events were the foundation of the cause behind World War I (Goodwin, 2013). 2. Many historians have argued that Treaty of Versailles was one of the direct reasons of World War II. From history, it can be seen that on 28th June, 1919, the peace treaty of Versailles helped in putting the end of the First World War and this was marked by Germany and the Allies at the Palace of Versailles near Paris. It can be found that many voices at Versailles held Germany accountable for the war and were calling for the nation to be flattened economically as well as militarily, rendered incompetent for the potential belligerence (Gosney Hughes, 2016). Besides this treaty, many historians stated that Great depression of the 1930s as well was one of the reasons for the World War II. Great depression of the 1930s gave birth of several situations like unemployment in large scale, politics, empire building, self-interest and Britain and France too were reasons. America called in her loans to Germany and this significantly caused the collapse of Germany industry and this directly led towards the rise of Hitlers powers (Freud, 2015). The World War II significantly changed the world and Victory in Europe day marked the starting of World War II, seven years ago. Hovan (2014) has stated that even World War II was ending 70 years ago, most of the Americans already knew that had significantly transformed their country, but the thing they did not know was how much and how long the span would be. Apart from that, it can be stated that though Second World War resolved the issues raised in the First World War, it guided to the Cold War, followed by the partition of Korea, Germany and some confined wars in Vietnam and others (Jian, 2013). 3. In September, 1945, Korea alienated between North and South, after that in the year 1949, Soviets and Americans withdrew armed forces and after that in 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. In the same year, on 27th June, Truman structured air and marine support for South Korea and called for UN interference. In the year 1950, U.S. multitudes assaulted at Inchon and Pyongyang drops to UN armed forces. At last, in the year 1953, Armistice formally re-established the division of Korea. Fidel Castro assumed the power after the Cuban Revolution and in the same year, on December 19, Cuba openly aligns itself with Soviet Union and their policies (Stone, 2014). However, it can be seen that after the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro and his forces rise to power. It can be seen that Castro pledged not to have Cuba a communist state. The Soviet Union and the United States of, just after the Second World War, started an armed forces antagonism that guided to the buildup of the enormous nuclear weapon stores. However, it is required to mention that both these countries did not want a nuclear conflict, but they repeatedly built up their wrongdoings to frustrate one another. History says that before the Cuban Missile Crisis of the year 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union lived with the questions regarding how the other would act in response in a nuclear face-off. However, just after the Cuba disaster, both these two nations were sure that other was strong-minded to put off a nuclear holocaust, made stronger hard works to put off the uses of the infinitesimal armaments (Stueck, 2013). 4. Smith (2014) has stated in his research work that the commonality association in Poland was one of the most theatrical establishments in Eastern Europe throughout the Cold War. It can be stated that it was not an association that begin in 1980, but somewhat a persistence of the working class and the polish intelligentsia association that started in the year 1956 and this continued in two other risings, in the year 1970 and 1976. However, it can be stated that the harmony pressure group established intercontinental concentration, scattering anti-communist thoughts and rousing political achievement all through the rest of the communalist community as well as its authority in the ultimate fall of communication in Central and Eastern cannot be inconspicuous or discharged (Kubow, 2013). However, it can be stated that it was fundamentally the last straw for much of Polands employment power with thumps scattering almost at once transversely the nation, in spite of the nonexistence of any of the prearranged system. It can be started that whatever other feelings he might motivate, General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev has populace confused. Suffering from the acute symptoms to the cognitive dissonance, they still saw a very real change in the Soviet Union, yet felt that the system remained fundamentally the same (Kubow, 2013). 5. Jean Monnet was a pinnacle consultant o the French Government and the main encouragement behind the famous Schuman Declaration that was declared on 9 May 1950. This incident was the main reason of developing European Coal and Steel Community, which is measured as the birth of the European Union. Jean Monnet was the first executive of European Union between 1952 and 1955 (McCann Ortega, 2015). After six years of war, in 1945, Europe became devastated. All the countries began their initiatives to prevent third world war. However, because of Second World War, Europe was divided into East and West that shattered the economy of the community. None of the countries had the resources to rebuild their lives and cultures. The harsh winter made it more difficult to start the process of recovery. That was the time when European Economic Community was developed to support the countries in need. Countries that supported European Union are Belgium, Estonia, Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia and Slovakia. European Union faced challenges from Russia that is still creating problem for several countries that are trying to join European Union (Soetendorp, 2014). European Union is an incredible success as there are no similar projects that have 27 countries as members, that are working collaboratively. Those countries are working together to develop successful legislative, judicative and fiscal policies in order to protect the customers and people of Europe (Rehm, 2013). On the other hand, European Union is also known as the most successful peacekeeping policy that has successfully prevented World War III until now by creating strict rules and regulations. 6. Among some long term causes World War II, the main reason was found in the conditions preceding World War I. It is also said World War II was the continuation of World War I. Therefore, it can be said that World War II was expected even before the rise of Mussolini and Hitler. However, there were two main reasons that that influenced World War II. One was the rise of Italian fascism 1920s and Japanese militarism that facilitated the invasions of China in 1930 (Clayton Barnes, 2015). Other was the political take over by Hitler and his Nazi party that happened in Germany that exhibited aggressive foreign policy. During the year of 1931, depression struck Japan and its economy. Government of Japan failed to improve the economy of the country and at that time people started to favor the army of Japan. The Army of Japan believed that Manchuria being a vast and thinly populated area, would help the country to solve their over populated areas. They also believed that as the Manchuria was rich in forests and natural resources, it was perfect for Japan to improve their economy. However, Manchuria showed their allegiance to China (Clayton Barnes, 2015). That was the time when Japan invaded China by destroying a section of railway near Mukden a city of Manchuria. On the other hand, Hitler and his Nazi party started to spread their polices all around the country with an aim to control the world with the same policies. In the year of 1939, Germany attacked Poland and that was the beginning of Second World War. References Clayton, D., Barnes, T. J. (2015). Continental European geographers and World War II.Journal of Historical Geography,47, 11-15. Coffman, E. M. (2014).The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I. University Press of Kentucky. Freud, S. (2015).Civilization and its discontents. Broadview Press. Goodwin, D. K. (2013).No Ordinary Time: Franklin Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II. Simon and Schuster. Gosney, M. W., Hughes, C. (2016). World War II. InThe History of Human Resource Development(pp. 89-101). Palgrave Macmillan US. Hovan, P. (2014). Great Depression of the 1930s. London: SAGE Jian, C. (2013).China's road to the Korean War: The making of the Sino-American confrontation. Columbia University Press. Kubow, M. (2013). The Solidarity Movement in Poland: Its History and Meaning in Collective Memory.The Polish Review,58(2), 3-14. Maier, C. S. (2015).Recasting bourgeois Europe: stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the decade after World War I. Princeton University Press. McCann, P., Ortega-Argils, R. (2015). Smart specialization, regional growth and applications to European Union cohesion policy.Regional Studies,49(8), 1291-1302. Rehm, J., Shield, K. D., Gmel, G., Rehm, M. X., Frick, U. (2013). Modeling the impact of alcohol dependence on mortality burden and the effect of available treatment interventions in the European Union.European Neuropsychopharmacology,23(2), 89-97. Schmidt, V. A. (2013). Democracy and legitimacy in the European Union revisited: input, output and throughput.Political Studies,61(1), 2-22. Smith, C. (2014).Disruptive religion: The force of faith in social movement activism. Routledge. Soetendorp, B. (2014).Foreign Policy in the European Union: History, Theory Practice. Routledge. Abington. Stone, I. F. (2014).The Hidden History of the Korean War: 19501951. Open Road Media. Stueck, W. (2013).Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton University Press.